tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15328719996733723722024-03-13T15:08:43.359-07:00SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAMAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06780222055141868197noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1532871999673372372.post-3261155741285675472013-03-11T20:59:00.002-07:002013-03-11T21:13:51.114-07:00Perkembangan Islam Masa Dinasti Bani Abbasiyah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; line-height: normal; padding: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM MASA
BANI ABBASIYAH</span></b></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jatuhnya negeri Syiria karena kemenangan pasukan Abbul
Abbas pada abad ke-7 dalam perang melawan pasukan Marwan ibn Muhammad (Dinasti
Bani Umayyah), menandai berakhirnya riwayat Dinasti Bani Umayyah sekaligus kebangkitan
kekuasaan Abbasiyah. Dinasti Abbasiyah didirikan oleh Abdullah al-Saffah ibn
Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abdullah ibn al-Abbass. Dinamakan Daulah Abbasiyah karena
para pendiri dan penguasa dinasti ini adalah keturunan Abbas. Kekuasaan Dinasti
Bani Abbasiyah berlangsung dari tahun 750-1258 M dengan Baghdad sebagai ibu
kotanya dan monarki sebagai sistem pemerintahannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daulah Bani Abbasiyah memiliki ciri-ciri yang menonjol
yang tidak terdapat di zaman bani Umayyah. Selain bersifat Arab murni, Dinasti
Abbasiyah sedikit banyak telah terpengaruh corak pemikiran dan peradaban
Persia, Romawi Timur, Mesir dan sebagainya. Sedangkan Dinasti Umayyah sangat
bersifat Arab Oriented, artinya dalam segala hal para pejabatnya berasal dari
keturunan Arab murni, begitu pula corak peradaban yang dihasilkan dinasti ini.
Dalam penyelenggaraan negara, ada jabatan Wazir yang membawahi kepala-kepala
departemen. Dalam pembagian wilayah (propinsi), pemerintahan Bani Abbasiyah
menamakannya dengan Imaraat, gubernurnya bergelar Amir/ Hakim. Kepada
wilayah/imaraat ini diberi hak-hak otonomi terbatas, sedangkan desa/ al-Qura
dengan kepala desanya as-Syaikh al-Qoryah diberi otonomi penuh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketentaraan profesional yang kuat di bawah panglima
sehingga kholifah tidak turun langsung dalam menangani tentara.Pada masa
pemerintahan dinasti Abbasiyah, luas wilayah kekuasaan Islam semakin bertambah,
meliputi Hijaz, Yaman Utara dan Selatan, Oman, Kuwait, Irak, Iran (Persia),
Yordania, Palestina, Lebanon, Mesir, Tunisia, Al-Jazair, Maroko, Spanyol, Afganistan
dan Pakistan, dan meluas sampai ke Turki, Cina dan juga India. Adapun
bentuk-bentuk peradaban Islam pada masa daulah Bani Abbasiyah adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Kota-Kota Pusat Peradaban</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di antara kota pusat peradaban pada masa dinasti
Abbasiyah adalah Baghdad dan Samarra. Kota Baghdad menjadi pusat peradaban dan
kebangkitan ilmu pengetahuan yang banyak didatangi ahli ilmu pengetahuan untuk
belajar. Di kota Samarra terdapat 17 istana mungil yang menjadi contoh seni
bangunan Islam di kota-kota lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>b. Bidang Pemerintahan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada masa Abbasiyah I (750-847 M), kekuasaan kholifah
sebagai kepala negarasangat terasasekali dan benar seorang kholifah adalah
penguasa tertinggi dan mengatur segala urusan negara. Sedang masa Abbasiyah II
847-946 M) kekuasaan kholifah sedikit menurun, sebab Wazir (perdana mentri)
telah mulai memiliki andil dalam urusan negara. Dan pada masa Abbasiyah III
(946-1055 M) dan IV (1055-1258 M), kholifah menjadi boneka saja, karena para
gubernur di daerah-daerah telah menempatkan diri mereka sebagai penguasa kecil
yang berkuasa penuh. Dengan demikian pemerintah pusat tidak ada apa-apanya
lagi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>c. Bangunan Tempat Pendidikan dan Peribadatan</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara bentuk
bangunan yang dijadikan lembaga pendidikan adalah madrasah. Terdapat juga
Kuttab, sebagai lembaga pendidikan dasar dan menengah. Majlis Muhadhoroh
sebagai tempat pertemuan dan diskusi para ilmuan, serta Darul Hikmah sebagai
perpustakaan. Ada juga bangunan berupa tempat-tempat peribadatan, seperti
masjid. Masjid saat itu tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai tempat pelaksanaan ibadah
sholat, tetapi juga sebagai tempat pendidikan tingkat tinggi dan takhassus. Di
antaranya adalah masjid Cordova, Ibnu Toulun, Al-Azhar dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masa pemerintahan Abul Abbas As-Saffah sampai Kholifah
Al-Watsiq Billah agama Islam mencapai zaman keemasan (132 – 232 H / 749 – 879
M). Namun, pada masa kholifah Al-Mutawakkil sampai Al-Mu’tashim, Islam
mengalami kemunduran dan keruntuhan. Kehancuran Dinasti Abbasiyah melalui
proses panjang yang diawali oleh berbagai pemberontakan dari kelompok yang
tidak senang terhadap kepemimpinan kholifah Abbasiyah. Selain kelemahan
Khalifah, beberapa alasan lainnya adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>a. Faktor Internal</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Persaingan antar Bangsa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kecenderungan masing-masing bangsa untuk mendominasi
kekuasaan sudah dirasakan sejak awal Khalifah Abbasiyah berdiri. Akan tetapi,
para Khalifah adalah orang-orang kuat yang mampu menjaga keseimbangan kekuatan
sehingga stabilitas politik dapat terjaga. Setelah al-Mutawakkil, seorang
Khalifah yang lemah, naik tahta, dominasi tentara Turki tidak terbendung lagi.
Sejak itu kekuasaan Daulah Abbasiyyah sebenarnya sudah berakhir.<br />
<b>2</b>. Kemerosotan Ekonomi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kondisi politik yang tidak stabil menyebabkan
perekonomian negara morat-marit. Kondisi ekonomi yang buruk memperlemah
kekuatan politik Dinasti Abbasiyah. Kedua faktor ini saling berkaitan dan tak
terpisahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Konflik Keagamaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konflik yang melatarbelakangi agama tidak terbatas
pada konflik antara Muslim dan Zindik atau Ahlussunnah dengan Syi’ah saja,
tetapi juga antaraliran dalam Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>4</b>. Perkembangan Peradaban dan Kebudayaan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemajuan besar yang dicapai Dinasti Abbasiyah pada
periode pertama telah mendorong para penguasa untuk hidup mewah, yang kemudian
ditiru oleh para haratawan dan anak-anak pejabat sehingga menyebabkan roda
pemerintahan terganggu dan rakyat menjadi miskin.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Faktor Eksternal</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Perang Salib yang berlangsung beberapa gelombang atau periode dan menelan
banyak korban.<br />
<b>2.</b> Serangan tentara Mongol ke wilayah kekuasaan Islam.</span></div>
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